Overview
This is a list of driverless train systems, which are capable of GoA3 and GoA4 (GoA3+) according to the Grade of Automation classifications specified by the standard IEC 62290‐1. These are explained diagrammatically by the UITP. This list focuses heavily on trains in the classical sense used for large-scale railways for passengers and freight but does include a few people mover systems. For a similar list for GoA2, see list of semi-automatic train systems.
| Automated track-bound traffic |
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| Automatic train operation |
| Lists of automated train systems |
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This is a list of driverless train systems, which are capable of GoA3 and GoA4 (GoA3+) according to the Grade of Automation classifications specified by the standard IEC 62290‐1. These are explained diagrammatically by the UITP. This list focuses heavily on trains in the classical sense used for large-scale railways for passengers and freight but does include a few people mover systems. For a similar list for GoA2, see list of semi-automatic train systems.
Grade-of-Automation 3 systems
These systems are capable of driverless train operation (DTO), but a train attendant operates the doors and drives the train in case of emergencies.
GoA3 – Americas
| Country/region | Name of system | Line | Date | System | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brazil | Salvador Metro | Line 1 | 2014 | SelTrac[1] | [a] |
| Line 2 | 2016 | ||||
| São Paulo Metro | Line 3 (Red) | 2009+[2] | ATO[citation needed] | [b] | |
| United States | Walt Disney World Monorail System | 2016 | SelTrac |
GoA3 – Asia
| Country/region | Name of system | Line | Date | System | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| China (Mainland) | Beijing Subway | Capital Airport Express | 19 July 2008 | Alstom Urbalis 400 | |
| Fuzhou Metro | Line 4 | 27 August 2023 | |||
| Ningbo Rail Transit | Line 7 | 1 December 2024 | CASCO Urbalis 888 | ||
| Shanghai Pudong Airport APM | 16 September 2019 | FITSCO JeRail | |||
| Shanghai Metro | Line 2 | Around 2025 | Recent upgrades allows DTO/GoA3 operations. | ||
| Line 5 | June 2018 | Thales, Shanghai Electric TSTCBTC2.0 | Initially operated in GoA1 (Manual operation) [c][4] | ||
| Line 17 | 30 December 2017 | CASCO TRANAVI | [5] | ||
| Wuhan Metro | Yangluo line | 26 December 2017 | CASCO | [6] | |
| Indonesia | Soekarno–Hatta Airport Skytrain | 2020 | SiLSafe 5000 | [d] | |
| Japan | Disney Resort Line | 27 July 2001 | |||
| Pakistan | Lahore Metro | Orange Line | 25 October 2020 | CASCO (Alstom) | |
| Singapore | Sentosa Express | November 2017 | Hitachi Moving Block Wireless CBTC | ||
GoA3 – Europe
| Country/region | Name of system | Line | Date | System | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Czech Republic | Dolní Bousov–Kopidlno railway line | 2025 | Commercial operation (limited weekend operation during the tourist season) on AŽD Praha test line[7][8] | ||
| Russia | Trams in Moscow | Tram line 10 | 2025 | 71-911 | [9] |
| Spain | Barcelona Metro | Line 11 | 2009 | Siemens Trainguard MT CBTC | |
| United Kingdom | Docklands Light Railway | 31 August 1987 | SelTrac | [e] | |
Grade-of-Automation 4 systems
These systems are capable of unattended train operation (UTO), although some operators may choose to staff trains anyway.
GoA4 – Americas
GoA4 – Asia
| Country/region | Name of system | Line | Date | System | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| China (Mainland) | Beijing Capital International Airport Terminal 3 People Mover | March 2008 | Bombardier CITYFLO 550 | ||
| Beijing Subway | Line 3 | 15 December 2024 | |||
| Line 11 | 31 December 2021 | ||||
| Line 12 | 15 December 2024 | ||||
| Line 17 | 31 December 2021 | ||||
| Line 19 | |||||
| Yanfang line | 30 December 2017 | BTCT | [23] | ||
| Daxing Airport Express | 26 September 2019 | [24] | |||
| Chengdu Metro | Line 9 | 18 December 2020 | Alstom Urbalis 400 | [25] | |
| Line 27 | 19 December 2024 | CASCO Urbalis 888 | |||
| Chengdu Tianfu Airport Automated People Mover | 2021 | ||||
| Chongqing Rail Transit | Bishan rubber-tyred tram | 16 April 2021 | BYD SkyShuttle[broken anchor] | ||
| Chongqing Jiangbei International Airport Monorail Rapid Transit System | April 9, 2025 | ||||
| Jinan Metro | Line 2 | 26 March 2021 | [26] | ||
| Line 4 | 27 December 2025 | BTCT | [27] | ||
| Line 8 | 27 December 2025 | ||||
| Line 6 | 27 December 2025 | CASCO TRANAVI | [28] | ||
| Guangzhou Metro | Line 10 | 29 June 2025 | CARS MTC-1 | [29] | |
| Line 11 | 28 December 2024 | ||||
| Line 12 | 29 June 2025 | ||||
| APM Line | 8 November 2010 | Bombardier CITYFLO 650 | |||
| Nanjing Metro | Line 7 | 28 December 2022 | Siemens Trainguard MT CBTC | [30][31] | |
| Nanning Metro | Line 5 | 16 December 2021 | [32] | ||
| Ningbo Rail Transit | Line 5 | 28 December 2021 | [33] | ||
| Line 6 | 16 January 2026 | ||||
| Line 7 | 29 August 2025 | ||||
| Line 8 | 30 June 2025 | ||||
| Qingdao Metro | Line 6 | 26 April 2024 | [34] | ||
| Shanghai Metro | Line 10 | 10 April 2010 | Alstom/CASCO Urbalis 888[35] | Initially operated in GoA2 and GoA3, transitioned to GoA4 in 2020[36] | |
| Line 14 | 30 December 2021 | Thales, Shanghai Electric TSTCBTC2.0 | [j][37][4] | ||
| Line 15 | 23 January 2021 | Alstom Urbalis 400 | [38] | ||
| Line 18 | 26 December 2020 | ||||
| Pujiang line | 31 March 2018 | Fitsco JeRail | [39] | ||
| Shaoxing Metro | Line 2 | 26 July 2023 | |||
| Shenzhen Metro | Line 6 Branch | 28 November 2022 | |||
| Line 12 | |||||
| Line 13 | 28 December 2024 | ||||
| Line 14 | 28 October 2022 | BTCT | [40] | ||
| Line 16 | 28 December 2022 | CASCO Urbalis 888 | [41] | ||
| Line 20 | 28 December 2021 | CASCO TRANAVI Qiji | [42] | ||
| Shenzhen Baoan International Airport Automated People Mover | December 2021 | Cityflo 650 | [43] | ||
| Shenzhen Pingshan SkyShuttle Line 1 | 28 December 2022 | BYD | |||
| Suzhou Metro | Line 5 | 29 June 2021 | Siemens Trainguard MT CBTC | [44] | |
| Line 6 | 29 June 2024 | BTCT LCF-300 | |||
| Line 8 | 10 September 2024 | CASCO Urbalis 888 | [41] | ||
| Line 11 | 24 June 2023 | CASCO Urbalis 888 | [41] | ||
| Taiyuan Metro | Line 2 | 26 December 2020 | |||
| Tianjin Metro | Line 7 | 28 September 2025 | |||
| Line 8 | 28 December 2021 | [45] | |||
| Line 10 | 18 November 2022 | ||||
| Line 11 | 28 December 2023 | ||||
| Line Z4 | 18 January 2026 | ||||
| Wuhan Metro | Line 5 | 26 December 2021 | [46] | ||
| Line 12 | 1 May 2026 | ||||
| Line 19 | 30 December 2023 | ||||
| Wuhu Rail Transit | Line 1 | 3 November 2021 | |||
| Line 2 | 28 December 2021 | ||||
| Xi'an Metro | Line 8 | 26 December 2024 | |||
| Line 10 | 26 December 2024 | ||||
| Line 16 | 27 June 2023 | CASCO Urbalis 888 | [47] | ||
| Xi'an Qujiang Sightseeing Monorail | 16 January 2015 (closed March 2015) 1 May 2023 (re-opening) | ||||
| Zhengzhou Metro | Line 10 | 28 September 2023 | |||
| Line 12 | 20 December 2023 | [48] | |||
| Zhengxu line | 28 December 2023 | ||||
| Egypt | Cairo Monorail | East Nile Line | 6 May 2026 | Bombardier CITYFLO 650 | |
| Hong Kong | Hong Kong International Airport Automated People Mover | 6 July 1998 | SelTrac | ||
| MTR | Disneyland Resort line | 1 August 2005 | SelTrac | Most trains have an attendant on board | |
| South Island line (East) | 28 December 2016 | Alstom Urbalis 400 | All trains have an attendant on board[49] | ||
| India | Delhi Metro | Pink Line | 14 March 2018 | Bombardier CITYFLO 650 | 58.59 km (36.41 mi). Initially with an attendant on board[50] |
| Magenta Line | 25 December 2017 | Nippon Signal SPARCS | Initially with an attendant on board | ||
| Grey Line | 4 October 2019 | Bombardier CITYFLO 650 | |||
| Mumbai Metro | Line 2 | 2 April 2022 | |||
| Line 3 | 5 October 2024 | ||||
| Line 7 | 2 April 2022 | ||||
| Navi Mumbai Metro | Line 1 | 21 December 2023 | Ansaldo STS CBTC | ||
| Namma Metro | Yellow Line | 10 August 2025 | |||
| Indonesia | Jabodebek LRT | Bekasi Line | 28 August 2023 | Siemens Trainguard MT CBTC | [k][51][52] |
| Cibubur Line | |||||
| Japan | Kanazawa Seaside Line | 5 July 1989 | |||
| Kobe New Transit | Port Island Line | 5 February 1981 | World's first GoA4 line | ||
| Rokkō Island Line | 21 February 1990 | ||||
| Linimo | 6 March 2005 | World's first unmanned maglev | |||
| Osaka Metro | Nanko Port Town Line | 20 October 1991 | Previously used GoA2 from 1981 to 1991 | ||
| Skyrail Midorizaka Line | 28 August 1998 | People Mover monorail
No longer in operation as of 30 April 2024.[53] | |||
| Tokyo Metropolitan Bureau of Transportation | Nippori-Toneri Liner | 30 March 2008 | |||
| Wing Shuttle | 4 September 1994 | ||||
| Yurikamome | 1 November 1995 | Mitsubishi Crystal Mover | |||
| Macau | Macau Light Rapid Transit | Taipa Line | 10 December 2019 | Kyosan APM | [54] |
| Hengqin Line | 2 December 2024 | ||||
| Seac Pai Van Line | 1 November 2024 | ||||
| Malaysia | KLIA Aerotrain | 1998 | Bombardier CITYFLO 550 (Past)
Bombardier CITYFLO 650 (Present) |
||
| Rapid KL | Kelana Jaya Line | 1 September 1998 | SelTrac[19] | The first GoA4 in Malaysia, at 46.4 km (28.8 mi) | |
| Kajang Line | 16 December 2016 | Bombardier CITYFLO 650 | The second GoA4, at 47 km (29 mi) | ||
| Ampang Line | 2017 | SelTrac | [l] | ||
| Sri Petaling Line | |||||
| Putrajaya Line | 16 June 2022 | Bombardier CITYFLO 650 | The fifth GoA4 and the longest in Malaysia, at 57.7 km (35.9 mi) | ||
| Shah Alam Line | 29 June 2026 | Siemens Trainguard MT CBTC | |||
| Melaka Monorail | 4 December 2017 | ||||
| Kazakhstan | Astana Light Metro | Line 1 | 16 May 2026 | ||
| Pakistan | Lahore Metro | Orange Line | 25 October 2020 | CRRC Zhuzhou Locomotive | The first driverless metro in Pakistan. |
| Qatar | Doha Metro | Red Line | 8 May 2019 | (Past | |
| Green Line | 10 December 2019 | ||||
| Gold Line | 21 November 2019 | ||||
| Hamad International Airport Shuttle | 2014 | DCC Doppelmayr Cable Car | |||
| Saudi Arabia | Princess Nora bint Abdul Rahman University Automated People Mover | 2012 | AnsaldoBreda Driverless Metro / Ansaldo STS DTG | [16] | |
| Riyadh Metro | Line 1 | 1 December 2024 | Siemens Trainguard MT CBTC | ||
| Line 2 | 15 December 2024 | ||||
| Line 3 | 5 January 2025 | Alstom Urbalis 400 | |||
| Line 4 | 1 December 2024 | ||||
| Line 5 | 15 December 2024 | ||||
| Line 6 | 1 December 2024 | ||||
| Singapore | Changi Airport Skytrain | 1990 | Kyosan APM | [m] | |
| Light Rail Transit (Singapore) | Bukit Panjang LRT line | 6 November 1999 | Bombardier CITYFLO 550 | ||
| Sengkang LRT line | 18 January 2003 | Kyosan APM | |||
| Punggol LRT line | 29 January 2005 | ||||
| Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore) | North East MRT line | 20 June 2003 | Alstom Urbalis 300 | [n][o] | |
| Circle MRT line | 28 May 2009 | ||||
| Downtown MRT line | 22 December 2013 | Siemens Trainguard Sirius CBTC | |||
| North–South MRT line | 2017[56] | Thales SelTrac Convergence CBTC[57] | |||
| East–West MRT line | 18 June 2017 (Tuas West extension) 28 May 2018 (whole line)[56] | ||||
| Thomson–East Coast MRT line | 31 January 2020[58] | Alstom Urbalis 400 | |||
| South Korea | Busan-Gimhae Light Rail Transit | 9 September 2011 | SelTrac | ||
| Busan Metro | Line 4 | 30 March 2011 | |||
| Daegu Metro | Line 3 | 23 April 2015 | |||
| Incheon Airport Maglev | 3 February 2016 | ||||
| Incheon Airport Shuttle train | 20 June 2008 | ||||
| Incheon Subway | Line 2 | 30 July 2016 | SelTrac | ||
| Seoul Light Rapid Transit | U Line | 1 July 2012 | VAL system | ||
| Everline | 26 April 2013 | Bombardier CITYFLO 650 | |||
| Ui LRT | 2 September 2017 | ||||
| Gimpo Goldline | 28 September 2019 | Nippon Signal SPARCS | |||
| Sillim Line | 28 May 2022 | ||||
| Seoul Metropolitan Subway | Shinbundang Line | 28 October 2011 | SelTrac | ||
| Wolmi Sea Train | 8 October 2019 | Urbanaut | |||
| Taiwan | Taichung MRT | Green line | 25 April 2021 | Alstom Urbalis 400 | |
| Taipei Metro | Wenhu line | 28 March 1996 | Bombardier CITYFLO 650 | [p][q] | |
| New Taipei Metro | Circular line | 31 January 2020 | AnsaldoBreda Driverless Metro / Ansaldo STS CBTC | Currently operated with attendant on-board[16] | |
| Taoyuan International Airport Skytrain | 18 January 2003 | ||||
| Thailand | BTS Skytrain | Gold Line | 16 December 2020 | Bombardier CITYFLO 650 | |
| MRT (Bangkok) | Yellow Line | 3 June 2023 | |||
| Pink Line | 21 November 2023 | Bombardier CITYFLO 650 | |||
| Turkey | Istanbul Metro | Line M5 | 15 September 2017 | [r][59] | |
| Line M7 | 28 November 2020 | Bombardier CITYFLO 650 | |||
| Line M8 | 6 January 2023 | Bombardier CITYFLO 650 | |||
| United Arab Emirates | Dubai International Airport Automated People Mover | Terminal 1 APM | 2016 | ||
| Terminal 3 APM | January 2013 | ||||
| Dubai Metro | Red Line | 9 September 2009 | SelTrac | [s] | |
| Green Line | 9 September 2011 | ||||
| Palm Jumeirah Monorail | 30 April 2009 | ||||
GoA4 – Europe
GoA4 – Oceania
| Country/region | Name of system | Line | Date | System | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Australia | Rio Tinto | Hamersley & Robe River | 28 December 2018[65] | Hitachi AutoHaul | [w] |
| Sydney Metro | North West & Bankstown | 26 May 2019[69] | Alstom Urbalis 400 | [x] | |
Future systems
Americas
| Country/region | Name of system | Line | Date | System | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Argentina | Buenos Aires Underground | Line F | 2031 | [70] | |
| Brazil | Manaus Monorail | SelTrac | |||
| São Paulo Metro | Line 6 | 2027 | Nippon Signal SPARCS | [y][71] | |
| Canada | Toronto Subway | Ontario Line | 2031 | Hitachi Rail | |
| Chile | Santiago Metro | Line 7 | 2028 | Alstom Urbalis 400 | |
| Line 8 | 2032 | ||||
| Line 9 | 2030 | ||||
| Peru | Lima Metro | Line 4 | 2028 | AnsaldoBreda Driverless Metro / Ansaldo STS CBTC | [16] |
Asia
Europe
Oceania
| Country/region | Name of system | Line | Date | System | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Australia | Sydney Metro | Sydney Metro West | 2032 | ||
| Western Sydney Airport line | 2026 | Siemens Trainguard MT CBTC[79] | |||
| Suburban Rail Loop (Melbourne) | Suburban Rail Loop East | 2035 | Alstom Urbalis Forward[80] | ||
Notes
- ↑ With train captains monitoring in cab
- ↑ With train captains monitoring in cab
- ↑ UTO system jointly developed by Thales Group and Shanghai Electric.[3]
- ↑ Previously operated in manual mode
- ↑ To be converted to GoA4
- ↑ With train captains monitoring in cab.
- ↑ Rebuilt in 1981
- ↑ Rebuilt in 2016
- ↑ This railroad is GoA2 capable, able to run a train without any person on board for the entire trip out to the Four Corners Generating Station and back to the mines.[citation needed]
- ↑ UTO system jointly developed by Thales Group and Shanghai Electric.[3]
- ↑ With train attendants to drive trains in the event of a disruption.
- ↑ With train attendants to drive trains in the event of a disruption.
- ↑ Original system opened in 1990; upgraded to current system in 2006.
- ↑ The largest fully automated rapid transit network in the world with 202.4 km (125.8 mi) of automated rail lines.[55] Trains may have an attendant on board. Only North–South line and East–West line has driving cabins.
- ↑ North–South and East–West lines were converted from a lower GoA to a higher GoA
- ↑ Previously used VAL
- ↑ System started with an attendant on board each train full-time. Gradually over time, the presence of attendants decreased. By September 2017, trains have attendants only while in long tunnel sections.
- ↑ On the Asian side of Istanbul
- ↑ Red Line at 52.1 km (32.4 mi). The longest driverless network in the Middle East.
- 1 2 3 4 Converted from manual to automated operation
- ↑ Rubber-tyred trains controlled by a system known as MAGGALY (Métro Automatique à Grand Gabarit de l'Agglomération Lyonnaise).
- ↑ First fully automatic metro in Italy. First section opened for the 2006 Winter Olympics, completed in 2014.
- ↑ The Rio Tinto "AutoHaul" system on its iron ore railways in the Pilbara.[66] This system is GoA 4 capable, able to run trains without a single person aboard for the entire trip out to the mines and back to the port. In October 2017 the first fully autonomous test took place over a 100 kilometres (62 mi) section.[67] The group was granted accreditation by Australia's Office of the National Rail Safety Regulator, approving the autonomous operation of iron ore trains in the Pilbara region of Western Australia.[68]
- ↑ First completely driverless metro line in Australia.
- ↑ GoA4
- 1 2 3 UTO Fully driverless system.
- ↑ Upgrade from GoA2 to GoA4
- ↑ Upgrade from GoA2 to GoA4
- ↑ Upgrade from GoA2 to GoA4
- ↑ Upgrade from GoA2 to GoA4
- ↑ Upgrade from GoA2 to GoA4
- ↑ Conversion from manual to driverless operation
- ↑ Upgrade from GoA2 to GoA4 as part of Subway Modernisation.
References
- ↑ "Thales Awarded Signalling Contract for News Salvador Metro". Thales Group. 24 March 2014. Retrieved 29 December 2018.
- ↑ Jackson, Chris (20 February 2009). "Automating Brazil's busiest metro lines". Railway Gazette International. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
- 1 2 Briginshaw, David. "Shanghai awards contract for first automated metro line". Retrieved 21 May 2018.
- 1 2 "上海5号线TSTCBTC®2.0信号系统成功通过载客运营考核评审 – TST". www.thalessec.com.cn. Retrieved 2 March 2021.
- ↑ "卡斯柯100%全自主信号护航 上海轨道交通17号线开通载客运营". www.casco.com.cn. Retrieved 10 September 2019.
- ↑ "武汉地铁进入全自动驾驶时代 5号线有望"尝鲜"" [Wuhan Metro enters the fully driverless era: Line 5 could have "early preview"]. Chutian Metropolis Daily. 16 May 2018. Archived from the original on 13 October 2019. Retrieved 19 February 2019 – via China News Service.
- ↑ Kampík, Vladimír; Pavel, Michal; Stříteský, Petr; Gurník, Peter (26 March 2025). "Automation: Journey to a driverless future". Railway Gazette International. Retrieved 30 March 2025.
- ↑ "Na trať zvanou Kopidlnka na Mladoboleslavsku vyjede Edita, první autonomní vlak v Evropě s cestujícími". Střední Čechy (in Czech). 29 March 2025. Retrieved 30 March 2025.
- ↑ "Беспилотный трамвай в Москве запущен в промышленную эксплуатацию". Коммерсант. 3 September 2025. Retrieved 18 September 2025.
- ↑ "Relatório de Empreendimentos – Julho/2022". Metrô. 2022. Retrieved 20 September 2022.
- ↑ "ViaQuatro ganha Prêmio UITP Latino" (in Portuguese).
- ↑ Fernando Galfo (11 February 2019). "Monotrilho da Linha 17 Ouro somente em 2021". Ferroviando (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 6 July 2019.
- ↑ "DefesaNet – Tecnologia – THALES – Fornecerá Tecnologia sem Condutor à Linha 17-Ouro do Metrô de SP". www.defesanet.com.br. Retrieved 6 July 2019.
- ↑ "Evergreen Extension opening today". 2 December 2016.
- ↑ "Santiago de Chile brings a new reality to urban mobility with Thales signalling systems | Thales Group". www.thalesgroup.com. 6 November 2017. Retrieved 27 October 2024.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Betis, Alexander; Torre, Marino; Ghiorzo, Alessandro; Del Gaudio, Giovanni (6 April 2017). "La Linea M4 di Milano: Approfondiamo Gli Aspetti Tecnici – L'evoluzione del sistema di automazione dalla M5 alla M4, evoluzione e non rivoluzione" [The M4 line of Milan: we examine the technical aspects - the evolution of the automation system from M5 to M4, evolution and non-revolution] (PDF). CIFI (in Italian). Collegio Ingegneri Ferroviari Italiani. p. 18. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
- ↑ "Crystal Mover Services, Inc. | Washington Dulles International Airport". Crystal Mover Services, Inc. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
- ↑ "USA | Thales Group". www.thalesgroup.com. 16 December 2015. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
- 1 2 "The Evolution of CBTC" (PDF). 1 December 2016. Retrieved 27 June 2024.
- ↑ "Crystal Mover Services, Inc. | Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport". Crystal Mover Services, Inc. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
- ↑ "KYOSAN HISTORY｜History of Kyosan｜Company Information ｜ Kyosan Electric Mfg. Co., Ltd". www.kyosan.co.jp. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
- ↑ "'Skyline' Opens in Honolulu". 30 June 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2023.
- ↑ "Beijing welcome significant expansion of their urban rail network". Intelligent Transport. Retrieved 29 December 2018.
- ↑ "建设运营 北京地铁大兴机场线下月底开通". 30 August 2019. Archived from the original on 17 December 2019. Retrieved 15 October 2022.
- ↑ Ltd, DVV Media International. "Chengdu driverless metro contracts awarded". Metro Report. Archived from the original on 4 July 2018. Retrieved 21 May 2018.
- ↑ 新浪新闻综合 (19 March 2021). "明日暂不通车！济南地铁2号线预计3月下旬开始初期运营". news.sina.com.cn. Retrieved 29 December 2021.
- ↑ "济南城市轨道交通4号线一期工程信号系统采购项目中标结果公告". 济南轨道交通集团有限公司. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
- ↑ "卡斯柯助力济南地铁6号线，打造全自动运行精品工程". 卡斯柯. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
- ↑ sina_mobile (9 April 2020). "三条地铁新线将全自动运行". tech.sina.cn. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
- ↑ "西门子交通扩大在华城轨全自动运行信号系统市场_ · 西门子". www.sohu.com. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
- ↑ "新闻稿 | 新闻 | 西门子中国". w1.siemens.com.cn. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
- ↑ "南宁地铁5号线开通！华南地区首条全自动运行地铁". gx.people.com.cn. Retrieved 30 December 2021.
- ↑ "宁波轨道交通5号线一期12月28日10点开通运营". www.bl.gov.cn. Retrieved 30 December 2021.
- ↑ "青岛地铁6号线列车自主运行系统（TACS）完成首列样车试验线测试". 上海国际轨道交通展览会 (in Simplified Chinese). Archived from the original on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
- ↑ "Urbalis 888国产化列车运行控制系统解决方案". 8 March 2019. Archived from the original on 8 March 2019. Retrieved 6 June 2021.
- ↑ "上海地铁10号线列车驾驶室接连拆除，发生了什么？". sh.people.com.cn. Retrieved 6 June 2021.
- ↑ "上海地铁14、15、18号线将全部采用无人驾驶" [Shanghai Metro Lines 14, 15 and 18 will all be unmanned]. Kanxsw.com. 10 October 2018. Retrieved 3 November 2018.
- ↑ "上海轨道交通14、15、18号线将全部实现无人驾驶". 上海国际轨道交通展览会 (in Simplified Chinese). Archived from the original on 27 October 2020. Retrieved 21 April 2020.
- ↑ "上海首条全自动运行线路——浦江线开通试运营 - 上海富欣智能交通控制有限公司". www.fitsco.com.cn. Retrieved 23 April 2024.
- ↑ "地铁14号线将采用无人驾驶 项目预计2022年竣工_龙岗新闻网". ilonggang.sznews.com. Retrieved 13 August 2018.
- 1 2 3 "Winning three bids in a row! CASCO continues to be the front-runner of the industry". CASCO Signal Ltd. Retrieved 23 August 2020.
- ↑ "Shenzhen Metro Line 20 Starts Its "Driverless" Operation Today under the Navigation of CASCO Qiji". www.casco.com.cn. Retrieved 21 April 2024.
- ↑ "Alstom's driverless airport APM enters service at Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport". Alstom. Retrieved 23 July 2026.
- ↑ "Siemens Mobility to install CBTC system on two Chinese metro lines". Railway Pro. 5 November 2018. Retrieved 23 August 2020.
- ↑ 中国新闻网 (28 December 2021). "天津地铁首条全自动运行线路开通 智慧车站示范站亮相津门". finance.sina.com.cn. Retrieved 29 December 2021.
- ↑ ""武汉造"全自动无人驾驶地铁列车来啦！不设驾驶室，还有这些"高精尖"_首页武汉_新闻中心_长江网_cjn.cn". news.cjn.cn. Retrieved 30 December 2021.
- ↑ "卡斯柯中标西安地铁16号线一期！为西北首条GoA4级全自动无人驾驶线路". CASCO. Retrieved 10 July 2023.
- ↑ "郑州地铁12号线最新消息来了！可实现无人驾驶_经开区". www.sohu.com. Retrieved 20 March 2021.
- ↑ "南港島線無人駕駛列車 職員長駐隨時應急". 東方日報 Oriental Daily. Retrieved 25 December 2016.
- ↑ Rajput, Abhinav (28 April 2016). "South Delhi-Noida direct Metro connectivity by August". HT Media Limited. Hindustan Times. Retrieved 10 May 2016.
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- ↑ Briginshaw, David (20 July 2016). "Automated metros set to reach 2200km by 2025". International Railway Journal. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
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- ↑ UK, DVV Media. "Erdoğan opens first driverless metro line in Istanbul". Metro Report. Archived from the original on 23 November 2018. Retrieved 23 December 2017.
- ↑ "Munich Airport streaks ahead of Berlin with driverless trains". www.thelocal.de. 22 February 2016. Retrieved 11 October 2019.
- ↑ Railway Gazette International May 2014, pg 15.
- ↑ "Marconi Express 2020 in Operation". Intamin Transportation. 8 February 2021. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
- ↑ "İstanbul Airport metro opens". Rail Turkey. 18 January 2023. Retrieved 9 July 2023.
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- ↑ Rio Tinto operates first driverless freight train Railway Age January 2, 2019
- ↑ "Rio Tinto has confirmed that it is on track to completely transition to driverless trains across its entire Pilbara operation by the end of 2018". yakkalabour.com.au/. 20 July 2017. Retrieved 1 September 2017.
- ↑ "Rio Tinto operates first fully-autonomous test train". Railway Gazette International. 2 October 2017. Retrieved 5 October 2017.
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- ↑ Sydney's driverless Metro train opens, but delays come as doors fail to open ABC News May 26, 2019
- ↑ "Línea F – City Hall unveils plan for new Subte underground line". Buenos Aires Times. 28 February 2025. Retrieved 25 March 2025.
- ↑ "Grupo brasileiro assume 15% na concessão da Linha 6 do Metrô e governo de SP admite novo atraso nas obras". G1 (in Brazilian Portuguese). 19 January 2018. Retrieved 4 July 2019.
- ↑ "Jurong Region Line to serve NTU, Tengah estate, Jurong Industrial Estate". CNA. Retrieved 3 July 2019.
- ↑ "First phase of Cross Island Line to open by 2029 with 12 stations". CNA. Archived from the original on 5 March 2020. Retrieved 3 July 2019.
- ↑ International, Railway Gazette. "Napoli metro Line 10 contracts awarded". Railway Gazette International. Retrieved 10 January 2026.
- ↑ "Rack railway to be converted to driverless operation". Railway Gazette International. 28 September 2022. Archived from the original on 4 July 2025. Retrieved 20 August 2025.
- ↑ Vögele, Adrian (19 August 2025). "Vollautomatische Zahnradbahn nach Walzenhausen soll 2027 starten: Jetzt liegt der Ball beim Bund". Aargauer Zeitung. Retrieved 20 August 2025.
- ↑ "Swiss light rail line prepared for automatic operation". Metro Report International. 14 August 2025. Archived from the original on 14 August 2025. Retrieved 20 August 2025.
- ↑ Allardyce, Jason (29 May 2022). "Glasgow's 'Clockwork orange' to face a driverless future". The Times. Retrieved 22 April 2024.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link) - ↑ "Transform mobility in Western Sydney". Siemens Mobility Global. Retrieved 3 June 2024.
- ↑ "Alstom awarded 1.0 billion euro share of Suburban Rail Loop East Line Contract in Melbourne, Australia". Alstom. Retrieved 19 December 2025.